3-1. Stereotype - Formation
(注意:stereotype有两种考法,一种是考stereotype formation,另一种是stereotype effect,我会分成两篇写)
Introduction:
Definition: A stereotype is a generalized and rather fixed way of thinking about a group of people
· In-group bias: See the in-group as being superior to the out-group to increase self-esteem.
· Out-group homogeneity: see the members of outgroups as more similar to each other than they are.
· (In-group bias + Out-group homogeneity) Negative stereotype about out-group member
Transition: A theory about the origin of stereotyping is illusory correlation, which states when we perceive a relationship between two variables, an illusory bond is likely to be formed even there is none.
The link between illusory correlation and formation of stereotyping:
· rare and surprising behaviors are more salient
· people tend to remember them
· establish a false correlation-cognitive bias
· affect one’s judgment and perception of an individual or group.
Body:
Schaller
Aim: to see whether social categorization will lead to stereotypes
Procedure:
· Randomly assign to be members of a group
· Give a booklet with a series of statements that described members in the group to which they had been assigned and the group that was not their group.
· There are an equal number of positive and negative statements about each group
Result:
· When asked about their own group, recalled positive statements that favored their own group.
· Recalled better the negative statement of the out-group.
Linkback:
· Compare in-group and out group, participants see in-group as superior to out-group & outgroup member share similar traits, resulting in negative stereotypes about out-group.
Evaluation-strength:
· High internal validity
Evaluation-limitation:
· Low ecological validity (artificial-arbitrarily assigning groups cannot determine the salience of social identity)
Hamilton & Gifford
Aim: to investigate how stereotypes happen and how negative stereotypes get attributed to a group
Procedure: Lab Experiment
· Two groups, A (majority group) and B (minority group)
· Each group has the same proportion of positive and negative statements.
· Participants were asked to estimate how many positive and negative statements each group has.
Result: Overestimate the number of negative traits in a minority group
Linkback: The illusory correlation is formed between the minority group and negative behavior. → overestimate the relationship→stereotypes that minority groups had negative traits
Evaluation-strength:
· High internal validity, the same number of positive and negative statements.
Evaluation-limitation:
· Low ecological validity (artificial there are more contexts to make stereotypes rather than just listening to the statement)
Conclusion:
Theory evaluation-strength:
· Testable/Empirical evidence: Hamilton & Gifford and Steele and Aronson
· Application: Theory of stereotype explains why people sometimes will demonstrate worse performance and racism.
Theory evaluation-limitation:
· Unbiased (sample size bias- People with different races and skin colors are not judged and discriminated against, so they may not show bad behavior.)
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